{
	"id": "dd1eab97-6688-424f-a1a0-576ee81a5aa0",
	"created_at": "2026-04-06T00:18:02.300563Z",
	"updated_at": "2026-04-10T13:11:18.079151Z",
	"deleted_at": null,
	"sha1_hash": "b1c9adb097c79fac7213fa5416cd5630353dba75",
	"title": "Zebrocy’s Multilanguage Malware Salad",
	"llm_title": "",
	"authors": "",
	"file_creation_date": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
	"file_modification_date": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
	"file_size": 3548351,
	"plain_text": "Zebrocy’s Multilanguage Malware Salad\r\nBy GReAT\r\nPublished: 2019-06-03 · Archived: 2026-04-05 21:57:12 UTC\r\n03 Jun 2019\r\n 6 minute read\r\n GReAT\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 1 of 12\n\nZebrocy is Russian speaking APT that presents a strange set of stripes. To keep things simple, there are three\r\nthings to know about Zebrocy\r\nZebrocy is an active sub-group of victim profiling and access specialists\r\nZebrocy maintains a lineage back through 2013, sharing malware artefacts and similarities with\r\nBlackEnergy\r\nThe past five years of Zebrocy infrastructure, malware set, and targeting have similarities and overlaps\r\nwith both the Sofacy and\r\nZebrocy shares data points and crosses lines with other clusters of activity in unique and unexpected ways.\r\nZebrocy initially shared limited infrastructure, targets, and interests with Sofacy. Zebrocy also shared\r\nmalware code with past BlackEnergy/Sandworm; and targeting, and later very limited infrastructure with\r\nmore recent BlackEnergy/GreyEnergy. Oddly, Turla deployed spearphish macros almost identical to\r\nprevious, non-public Zebrocy code in 2018.\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 2 of 12\n\nIt’s fantastic to see some of these same points being repeated publicly by other research teams. A previous\r\nclaim that Zebrocy distributed Sofacy’s XAgent as a second stage implant remains unsubstantiated but now\r\nis replaced with findings identical to these following the SAS2019 presentation, so it seems we are all\r\nslowly getting on the same page.\r\nA first course with new additions\r\nWhen we originally documented a Zebrocy malware incident in late 2015, we noted an Oct 2015 AutoIT\r\ndownloader and a Delphi backdoor payload. Since then, we have noted a virtual salad of Zebrocy code\r\ntossed together, built with a handful of languages, often ripped from various code sharing sites. Zebrocy\r\nactivity initiates with spearphishing operations delivering various target profilers and downloaders without\r\nthe use of any 0day exploits. Browser credential theft, keylogging, and Windows credential theft, along\r\nwith some incidents of file and communications theft, are all on the list of Zebrocy second stage implant\r\nspecials.\r\nThis Zebrocy dish is served before the main course – gaining and maintaining access is not an easy job.\r\nAnd, because the group seems to maintain lineage in both the 0day capable and destructive\r\nBlackEnergy/Sandworm APT and the prolific and 0day capable Sofacy APT, this course is very interesting.\r\nLet’s take a more intelligent perspective on the Zebrocy malware set and activity and its lineage, based on\r\nreporting provided to our\r\nSince the SAS2019 presentation, we have identified a new Zebrocy backdoor family, deployed with a new\r\ndownloader. So Zebrocy continues to expand its malware set. There appears to be both a return to C coding\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 3 of 12\n\nfor the group, and also an expansion with the\r\nA set of Zebrocy related events best characterize years of the activity and help to carve out the group’s own\r\nprofile, its lineage, malware set, infrastructure, and modus operandi.\r\nZebrocy lineage – early Sofacy infrastructure overlap (late 2015/early 2016) for the Zebrocy Delphi\r\nbackdoor\r\nZebrocy lineage – Delphocy Delphi deployment and abrupt conclusion (2013 – late 2015), and start\r\nof Zebrocy Delphi timeline (late 2015)\r\nZebrocy lineage – shared, unique kernel code between BlackEnergy and Delphocy bootkit (2013 –\r\n2015)\r\nZebrocy unique malware set – vintage Delphi programming coupled with unusual and agile\r\ndevelopment capabilities with new managed languages like Python, C#, and Go all perform\r\nscreengrab anchor, volume serial number id, systeminfo and process list collection\r\nZebrocy ongoing targeting and infrastructure overlap – fairly recent\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 4 of 12\n\nThe full 2018 decline of SPLM/XAgent for the more traditional “Sofacy” activity\r\nA coincidental new increase in Zebrocy activity\r\nShared build-id format with BlackEnergy modules\r\nAn expansion in Zebrocy spearphishing\r\nAn expansion in the managed languages the Zebrocy malware set is built on\r\nThese predictions later turned into global events, as lighter targeting turned into a massive global\r\nsurge of Zebrocy activity, sometimes sharing targets between both Sofacy and Zebrocy. Also later\r\nthat year, the Zebrocy malware set expanded with C#, Python, and Go. This wouldn’t be the first or\r\nlast time we reported on this group’s innovative malware set.\r\nThe limited set of 2013-2015 Delphocy intrusions in Ukraine and Poland deployed a Delphi\r\nbackdoor both with and without a bootkit loader. This bootkit loader included a routine that shares\r\nthe same compiled code with only the BlackEnergy kernel loaders, helping to tie Zebrocy malware\r\nto the BlackEnergy malware set.\r\nThis unique encryption implementation was shared between BlackEnergy’s kernel loader, and\r\nDelphocy’s bootkit kernel loader code. The appearance of this code overlap coincides with several\r\nproject events:\r\nEnd of Delphocy/BlackEnergy overlapped code use, while BlackEnergy moved forward with\r\nother code\r\nEnd of Delphocy’s user-mode Delphi payload (October 2015)\r\nStart of Zebrocy’s Delphi payload (October 2015)\r\nA particular chunk of kernel mode code for a custom encryption routine was shared across the older\r\nDelphocy bookit and the BlackEnergy malware platform in 2013. While Delphocy replaced this\r\nbootkit with a simplified user-mode persistence technique, BlackEnergy malware continued using\r\nthis code until late 2015. Then, these APTs discontinued both the Delphi-based Delphocy project\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 5 of 12\n\nand the use of this mysterious chunk of code within BlackEnergy malware. Almost immediately,\r\nDelphi-based Zebrocy backdoors began to be deployed. Several months later, a Zebrocy backdoor\r\nconnected back to a domain that was registered by a particular email address. This address had been\r\nused to register another Sofacy domain hosted on a well-known Sofacy IP at the time\r\n(rammatica[.]com/raveston[.]com).\r\nNote that both Delphocy’s and BlackEnergy’s kernel mode code appropriated unique content in\r\n2013 from the Carberp codebase – hashing, injection, bootkit functionality. Surprisingly, this same\r\nunique encryption cipher was seen pasted again into 2018 VPNFilter code as well. Clearly it\r\nhappens with other malware, but Zebrocy’s consistent copy/paste tendency is something not\r\nfrequently seen in other APT malware with a “best use” date spanning five years or more. Portions\r\nof its AutoIT code were copied from code sharing forums and pasted into their own code. This is\r\ndifferent from Sofacy’s disappeared and exhaustive SPLM/XAgent codebase. It was used for at\r\nleast six years and was entirely custom-built.\r\nZebrocy’s mix\r\nThe Zebrocy malware set is tossed together from a wide set of languages and technologies,\r\nincluding both legitimate and malicious code shared on online forums and sites like Github and\r\nPastebin. This repeated “copy/paste” practice is not frequently seen in Russian speaking APT\r\nmalware sets, although\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 6 of 12\n\nC# Zebrocy backdoor\r\nZebrocy pushed a C# backdoor that maintains much the same functionality as its other assortment\r\nof backdoor implementations.\r\nMost interesting in this implementation is its consistent collection of screengrab and system\r\ninformation, and a list of running processes. Again, with this first stage backdoor, it is profiling its\r\ntargets and looking for unexpected sources of credential collection to develop bespoke second stage\r\ncredential harvesters against. Additionally, Zebrocy wheeled out a\r\nA second stage\r\nThese findings were particularly interesting in the light of past claims about SPLM/XAgent being\r\nthe second stage of choice for Zebrocy, for which there was a lot of monitoring on our part, but\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 7 of 12\n\nnever any data support. Some guesses were made about why that was, perhaps Zebrocy\r\ndownloaders were all mitigated prior to attempting to download further stages? But never any\r\nanswers.\r\nInstead, we arrived at the answers ourselves. In order to account for unexpected software\r\ninstallations at victim systems, no matter which language, each first stage backdoor implementation\r\ncollects a “system information” listing, screengrab, and enumerates running processes. This\r\nmalware behavior was included in Zebrocy backdoors from the very first backdoor that we reported\r\non, and continued into 2019 with the latest rounds of Go backdoors. After collected information is\r\nPOSTed to the C2, a long delay ensues. Eventually, target systems may receive a custom built\r\nsecond stage implant to retrieve credentials from those unexpected software sources. More unusual\r\nsoftware packages included little-known customized Chromium builds like CentBrowser and 7Star\r\nfrom Asian studios. In some cases, malware password stealers are deployed to address more\r\ncommon software.\r\nIn addition, Zebrocy file content stealers and keyloggers coded in C# were detected at targets in\r\n2017 and 2018. Some of this code and their build id value format was reviewed in the SAS2018\r\n“Masha and these Bears” presentation.\r\nServed cold\r\nZebrocy version 2.2 called back to a domain sharing Whois and hosting resources with Sofacy in\r\nearly 2016, and later versions used naming and URL constructs very similar to BlackEnergy\r\nresources. And since then, just like BlackEnergy, mostly all of the Zebrocy C2 used no domain\r\nregistrations. Communications directly to the host over IPv4 with no domain resolution are common\r\nbehavior for the group’s malware. However, every now and then, Zebrocy malware calls back to\r\nservers located by hardcoded domain names.\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 8 of 12\n\nIts ongoing activity demonstrates a long game commitment to gaining access to targeted networks.\r\nAnd as we predicted at SAS2018 and SAS2019, this latest new Nim coding adds to the growing list\r\nof languages for this malware set. We will see more from Zebrocy into 2019 on government and\r\nmilitary related organizations.\r\nLatest Webinars\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 9 of 12\n\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 10 of 12\n\nReports\r\nKaspersky researchers analyze updated CoolClient backdoor and new tools and scripts used in HoneyMyte (aka\r\nMustang Panda or Bronze President) APT campaigns, including three variants of a browser data stealer.\r\nKaspersky discloses a 2025 HoneyMyte (aka Mustang Panda or Bronze President) APT campaign, which uses a\r\nkernel-mode rootkit to deliver and protect a ToneShell backdoor.\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 11 of 12\n\nKaspersky GReAT experts analyze the Evasive Panda APT’s infection chain, including shellcode encrypted with\r\nDPAPI and RC5, as well as the MgBot implant.\r\nKaspersky expert describes new malicious tools employed by the Cloud Atlas APT, including implants of their\r\nsignature backdoors VBShower, VBCloud, PowerShower, and CloudAtlas.\r\nSource: https://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nhttps://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/\r\nPage 12 of 12",
	"extraction_quality": 1,
	"language": "EN",
	"sources": [
		"Malpedia",
		"ETDA"
	],
	"origins": [
		"web"
	],
	"references": [
		"https://securelist.com/zebrocys-multilanguage-malware-salad/90680/"
	],
	"report_names": [
		"90680"
	],
	"threat_actors": [
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			"id": "8aaa5515-92dd-448d-bb20-3a253f4f8854",
			"created_at": "2024-06-19T02:03:08.147099Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.685355Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "IRON HUNTER",
			"aliases": [
				"ATK13 ",
				"Belugasturgeon ",
				"Blue Python ",
				"CTG-8875 ",
				"ITG12 ",
				"KRYPTON ",
				"MAKERSMARK ",
				"Pensive Ursa ",
				"Secret Blizzard ",
				"Turla",
				"UAC-0003 ",
				"UAC-0024 ",
				"UNC4210 ",
				"Venomous Bear ",
				"Waterbug "
			],
			"source_name": "Secureworks:IRON HUNTER",
			"tools": [
				"Carbon-DLL",
				"ComRAT",
				"LightNeuron",
				"Mosquito",
				"PyFlash",
				"Skipper",
				"Snake",
				"Tavdig"
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			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:39.344081Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.294222Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Copy-Paste",
			"aliases": [],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:Copy-Paste",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
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			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Inception",
			"aliases": [
				"Inception Framework",
				"Cloud Atlas"
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			"source_name": "MITRE:Inception",
			"tools": [
				"PowerShower",
				"VBShower",
				"LaZagne"
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			"source_id": "MITRE",
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		{
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			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.312816Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Earth Lusca",
			"aliases": [
				"CHROMIUM",
				"ControlX",
				"TAG-22",
				"BRONZE UNIVERSITY",
				"AQUATIC PANDA",
				"RedHotel",
				"Charcoal Typhoon",
				"Red Scylla",
				"Red Dev 10",
				"BountyGlad"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:Earth Lusca",
			"tools": [
				"RouterGod",
				"SprySOCKS",
				"ShadowPad",
				"POISONPLUG",
				"Barlaiy",
				"Spyder",
				"FunnySwitch"
			],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
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			"id": "04a7ebaa-ebb1-4971-b513-a0c86886d932",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.784965Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.099088Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Inception Framework",
			"aliases": [
				"Clean Ursa",
				"Cloud Atlas",
				"G0100",
				"ATK116",
				"Blue Odin"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:Inception Framework",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
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			"id": "f35997d9-ca1e-453f-b968-0e675cc16d97",
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			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.345364Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Evasive Panda",
			"aliases": [
				"BRONZE HIGHLAND"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:Evasive Panda",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
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			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.82716Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.113893Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "GreyEnergy",
			"aliases": [],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:GreyEnergy",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "a97cf06d-c2e2-4771-99a2-c9dee0d6a0ac",
			"created_at": "2022-10-25T16:07:24.349252Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:04.949821Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Turla",
			"aliases": [
				"ATK 13",
				"Belugasturgeon",
				"Blue Python",
				"CTG-8875",
				"G0010",
				"Group 88",
				"ITG12",
				"Iron Hunter",
				"Krypton",
				"Makersmark",
				"Operation Epic Turla",
				"Operation Moonlight Maze",
				"Operation Penguin Turla",
				"Operation Satellite Turla",
				"Operation Skipper Turla",
				"Operation Turla Mosquito",
				"Operation WITCHCOVEN",
				"Pacifier APT",
				"Pensive Ursa",
				"Popeye",
				"SIG15",
				"SIG2",
				"SIG23",
				"Secret Blizzard",
				"TAG-0530",
				"Turla",
				"UNC4210",
				"Venomous Bear",
				"Waterbug"
			],
			"source_name": "ETDA:Turla",
			"tools": [
				"ASPXSpy",
				"ASPXTool",
				"ATI-Agent",
				"AdobeARM",
				"Agent.BTZ",
				"Agent.DNE",
				"ApolloShadow",
				"BigBoss",
				"COMpfun",
				"Chinch",
				"Cloud Duke",
				"CloudDuke",
				"CloudLook",
				"Cobra Carbon System",
				"ComRAT",
				"DoublePulsar",
				"EmPyre",
				"EmpireProject",
				"Epic Turla",
				"EternalBlue",
				"EternalRomance",
				"GoldenSky",
				"Group Policy Results Tool",
				"HTML5 Encoding",
				"HyperStack",
				"IcedCoffee",
				"IronNetInjector",
				"KSL0T",
				"Kapushka",
				"Kazuar",
				"KopiLuwak",
				"Kotel",
				"LOLBAS",
				"LOLBins",
				"LightNeuron",
				"Living off the Land",
				"Maintools.js",
				"Metasploit",
				"Meterpreter",
				"MiamiBeach",
				"Mimikatz",
				"MiniDionis",
				"Minit",
				"NBTscan",
				"NETTRANS",
				"NETVulture",
				"Neptun",
				"NetFlash",
				"NewPass",
				"Outlook Backdoor",
				"Penquin Turla",
				"Pfinet",
				"PowerShell Empire",
				"PowerShellRunner",
				"PowerShellRunner-based RPC backdoor",
				"PowerStallion",
				"PsExec",
				"PyFlash",
				"QUIETCANARY",
				"Reductor RAT",
				"RocketMan",
				"SMBTouch",
				"SScan",
				"Satellite Turla",
				"SilentMoon",
				"Sun rootkit",
				"TTNG",
				"TadjMakhal",
				"Tavdig",
				"TinyTurla",
				"TinyTurla Next Generation",
				"TinyTurla-NG",
				"Topinambour",
				"Tunnus",
				"Turla",
				"Turla SilentMoon",
				"TurlaChopper",
				"Uroburos",
				"Urouros",
				"WCE",
				"WITCHCOVEN",
				"WhiteAtlas",
				"WhiteBear",
				"Windows Credential Editor",
				"Windows Credentials Editor",
				"Wipbot",
				"WorldCupSec",
				"XTRANS",
				"certutil",
				"certutil.exe",
				"gpresult",
				"nbtscan",
				"nbtstat",
				"pwdump"
			],
			"source_id": "ETDA",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "b69037ec-2605-4de4-bb32-a20d780a8406",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.790766Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.101635Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "MUSTANG PANDA",
			"aliases": [
				"Stately Taurus",
				"LuminousMoth",
				"TANTALUM",
				"Twill Typhoon",
				"TEMP.HEX",
				"Earth Preta",
				"Polaris",
				"BRONZE PRESIDENT",
				"HoneyMyte",
				"Red Lich",
				"TA416"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:MUSTANG PANDA",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "8941e146-3e7f-4b4e-9b66-c2da052ee6df",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.402513Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:02.959797Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Sandworm",
			"aliases": [
				"IRIDIUM",
				"Blue Echidna",
				"VOODOO BEAR",
				"FROZENBARENTS",
				"UAC-0113",
				"Seashell Blizzard",
				"UAC-0082",
				"APT44",
				"Quedagh",
				"TEMP.Noble",
				"IRON VIKING",
				"G0034",
				"ELECTRUM",
				"TeleBots"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:Sandworm",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "05cb998c-6e81-47f0-9806-ee4fda72fe0a",
			"created_at": "2024-11-01T02:00:52.763555Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:05.263997Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Daggerfly",
			"aliases": [
				"Daggerfly",
				"Evasive Panda",
				"BRONZE HIGHLAND"
			],
			"source_name": "MITRE:Daggerfly",
			"tools": [
				"PlugX",
				"MgBot",
				"BITSAdmin",
				"MacMa",
				"Nightdoor"
			],
			"source_id": "MITRE",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "7bd810cb-d674-4763-86eb-2cc182d24ea0",
			"created_at": "2022-10-25T16:07:24.1537Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:04.883793Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Sandworm Team",
			"aliases": [
				"APT 44",
				"ATK 14",
				"BE2",
				"Blue Echidna",
				"CTG-7263",
				"FROZENBARENTS",
				"G0034",
				"Grey Tornado",
				"IRIDIUM",
				"Iron Viking",
				"Quedagh",
				"Razing Ursa",
				"Sandworm",
				"Sandworm Team",
				"Seashell Blizzard",
				"TEMP.Noble",
				"UAC-0082",
				"UAC-0113",
				"UAC-0125",
				"UAC-0133",
				"Voodoo Bear"
			],
			"source_name": "ETDA:Sandworm Team",
			"tools": [
				"AWFULSHRED",
				"ArguePatch",
				"BIASBOAT",
				"Black Energy",
				"BlackEnergy",
				"CaddyWiper",
				"Colibri Loader",
				"Cyclops Blink",
				"CyclopsBlink",
				"DCRat",
				"DarkCrystal RAT",
				"Fobushell",
				"GOSSIPFLOW",
				"Gcat",
				"IcyWell",
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			"created_at": "2022-10-27T08:27:13.212301Z",
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			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Earth Lusca",
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				"Fancy Bear",
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				"CORESHELL",
				"OLDBAIT",
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				"Zebrocy",
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			"id": "d2516b8e-e74f-490d-8a15-43ad6763c7ab",
			"created_at": "2022-10-25T16:07:24.212584Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:04.900038Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Sofacy",
			"aliases": [
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				"ATK 5",
				"Blue Athena",
				"BlueDelta",
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				"Fancy Bear",
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				"Forest Blizzard",
				"G0007",
				"Grey-Cloud",
				"Grizzly Steppe",
				"Group 74",
				"GruesomeLarch",
				"ITG05",
				"Iron Twilight",
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				"Operation Dear Joohn",
				"Operation Komplex",
				"Operation Pawn Storm",
				"Operation RoundPress",
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				"Sofacy",
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				"T-APT-12",
				"TA422",
				"TAG-0700",
				"TAG-110",
				"TG-4127",
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				"UAC-0028",
				"UAC-0063"
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			"source_name": "ETDA:Sofacy",
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				"JHUHUGIT",
				"JKEYSKW",
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				"Living off the Land",
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				"ProcDump",
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				"SOURFACE",
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				"Shunnael",
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				"Sofacy",
				"SofacyCarberp",
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				"Trojan.Shunnael",
				"Trojan.Sofacy",
				"USB Stealer",
				"USBStealer",
				"VPNFilter",
				"Win32/USBStealer",
				"WinIDS",
				"Winexe",
				"X-Agent",
				"X-Tunnel",
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