{
	"id": "b7a52e3e-9a31-4859-9c88-39f0af300e84",
	"created_at": "2026-04-06T00:21:58.397388Z",
	"updated_at": "2026-04-10T03:37:36.780158Z",
	"deleted_at": null,
	"sha1_hash": "b0cdf57ffe0f8d7999e42901c8cb1610d98c2c3a",
	"title": "TwoFace (Malware Family)",
	"llm_title": "",
	"authors": "",
	"file_creation_date": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
	"file_modification_date": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
	"file_size": 69447,
	"plain_text": "TwoFace (Malware Family)\r\nBy Fraunhofer FKIE\r\nArchived: 2026-04-05 14:31:04 UTC\r\nTwoFace\r\naka: Minion, HighShell, HyperShell, SEASHARPEE\r\nActor(s): APT27, APT34, OilRig, Turla, UNC215\r\nAccording to Unit42, TwoFace is a two-staged (loader+payload) webshell, written in C# and meant to run on\r\nwebservers with ASP.NET. The author of the initial loader webshell included legitimate and expected content that\r\nwill be displayed if a visitor accesses the shell in a browser, likely to remain undetected. The code in the loader\r\nwebshell includes obfuscated variable names and the embedded payload is encoded and encrypted. To interact\r\nwith the loader webshell, the threat actor uses HTTP POST requests to the compromised server.\r\nThe secondary webshell, which we call the payload, is embedded within the loader in encrypted form and contains\r\nadditional functionality that we will discuss in further detail. When the threat actor wants to interact with the\r\nremote server, they provide data that the loader will use to modify a decryption key embedded within the loader\r\nthat will be in turn used to decrypt the embedded TwoFace payload. Commands supported by the payload are\r\nexecution of programs, up-, download and deletion of files and capability to manipulate MAC timestamps.\r\nReferences\r\n2022-07-18 ⋅ Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 ⋅\r\nEvasive Serpens\r\nTwoFace ISMAgent ISMDoor OopsIE RDAT OilRig\r\n2021-12-14 ⋅ Recorded Future ⋅ Insikt Group®\r\nFull Spectrum Detections for 5 Popular Web Shells: Alfa, SharPyShell, Krypton, ASPXSpy, and TWOFACE\r\nTwoFace\r\n2021-12-14 ⋅ Recorded Future ⋅ Insikt Group\r\nFull Spectrum Detections for 5 Popular Web Shells: Alfa, SharPyShell, Krypton, ASPXSpy, and TWOFACE\r\nTwoFace ASPXSpy SharPyShell\r\nhttps://malpedia.caad.fkie.fraunhofer.de/details/asp.twoface\r\nPage 1 of 3\n\n2020-11-27 ⋅ PTSecurity ⋅ Alexey Vishnyakov, Denis Goydenko\r\nInvestigation with a twist: an accidental APT attack and averted data destruction\r\nTwoFace CHINACHOPPER HyperBro MegaCortex MimiKatz\r\n2020-09-25 ⋅ Emanuele De Lucia\r\nAPT vs Internet Service Providers\r\nTwoFace RGDoor\r\n2020-06-18 ⋅ Australian Cyber Security Centre ⋅ Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC)\r\nAdvisory 2020-008: Copy-Paste Compromises –tactics, techniques and procedures used to target multiple\r\nAustralian networks\r\nTwoFace Cobalt Strike Empire Downloader\r\n2020-03-12 ⋅ Recorded Future ⋅ Insikt Group\r\nSwallowing the Snake’s Tail: Tracking Turla Infrastructure\r\nTwoFace Mosquito\r\n2020-01-01 ⋅ Secureworks ⋅ SecureWorks\r\nCOBALT GYPSY\r\nTwoFace MacDownloader BONDUPDATER pupy Helminth jason RGDoor TinyZbot OilRig\r\n2020-01-01 ⋅ FireEye ⋅ Mandiant, Mitchell Clarke, Tom Hall\r\nMandiant IR Grab Bag of Attacker Activity\r\nTwoFace CHINACHOPPER HyperBro HyperSSL\r\n2019-08-22 ⋅ Cyware ⋅ Cyware\r\nAPT34: The Helix Kitten Cybercriminal Group Loves to Meow Middle Eastern and International\r\nOrganizations\r\nTwoFace BONDUPDATER POWRUNER QUADAGENT Helminth ISMAgent Karkoff LONGWATCH\r\nOopsIE PICKPOCKET RGDoor VALUEVAULT\r\n2019-07-08 ⋅ SANS ⋅ Josh M. Bryant, Robert Falcone\r\nHunting Webshells: Tracking TwoFace\r\nTwoFace\r\n2019-04-17 ⋅ Malware Reversing Blog ⋅ F-Secure Global\r\nThe Dukes: 7 Years Of Russian Cyber-Espionage\r\nTwoFace BONDUPDATER DNSpionage\r\n2019-02-13 ⋅ Youtube (SANS Digital Forensics \u0026 Incident Response) ⋅ Josh Bryant, Robert Falcone\r\nHunting Webshells: Tracking TwoFace - SANS Threat Hunting Summit 2018\r\nTwoFace\r\n2018-07-07 ⋅ Youtube (SteelCon) ⋅ Dan Caban, Muks Hirani\r\nYou’ve Got Mail!\r\nTwoFace\r\nhttps://malpedia.caad.fkie.fraunhofer.de/details/asp.twoface\r\nPage 2 of 3\n\n2017-12-11 ⋅ Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 ⋅ Robert Falcone\r\nOilRig Performs Tests on the TwoFace Webshell\r\nTwoFace\r\n2017-07-31 ⋅ Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 ⋅ Bryan Lee, Robert Falcone\r\nTwoFace Webshell: Persistent Access Point for Lateral Movement\r\nTwoFace OilRig\r\nYara Rules\r\n[TLP:WHITE] asp_twoface_w0 (20190503 | No description)\r\nDownload all Yara Rules\r\nSource: https://malpedia.caad.fkie.fraunhofer.de/details/asp.twoface\r\nhttps://malpedia.caad.fkie.fraunhofer.de/details/asp.twoface\r\nPage 3 of 3",
	"extraction_quality": 1,
	"language": "EN",
	"sources": [
		"ETDA"
	],
	"references": [
		"https://malpedia.caad.fkie.fraunhofer.de/details/asp.twoface"
	],
	"report_names": [
		"asp.twoface"
	],
	"threat_actors": [
		{
			"id": "ce10c1bd-4467-45f9-af83-28fc88e35ca4",
			"created_at": "2022-10-25T15:50:23.458833Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:05.419537Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "APT34",
			"aliases": null,
			"source_name": "MITRE:APT34",
			"tools": [
				"netstat",
				"Systeminfo",
				"PsExec",
				"SEASHARPEE",
				"Tasklist",
				"Mimikatz",
				"POWRUNER",
				"certutil"
			],
			"source_id": "MITRE",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "8aaa5515-92dd-448d-bb20-3a253f4f8854",
			"created_at": "2024-06-19T02:03:08.147099Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.685355Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "IRON HUNTER",
			"aliases": [
				"ATK13 ",
				"Belugasturgeon ",
				"Blue Python ",
				"CTG-8875 ",
				"ITG12 ",
				"KRYPTON ",
				"MAKERSMARK ",
				"Pensive Ursa ",
				"Secret Blizzard ",
				"Turla",
				"UAC-0003 ",
				"UAC-0024 ",
				"UNC4210 ",
				"Venomous Bear ",
				"Waterbug "
			],
			"source_name": "Secureworks:IRON HUNTER",
			"tools": [
				"Carbon-DLL",
				"ComRAT",
				"LightNeuron",
				"Mosquito",
				"PyFlash",
				"Skipper",
				"Snake",
				"Tavdig"
			],
			"source_id": "Secureworks",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "08c8f238-1df5-4e75-b4d8-276ebead502d",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:39.344081Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.294222Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Copy-Paste",
			"aliases": [],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:Copy-Paste",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "274f04ff-fae8-4e90-bcf5-3e391a860cd5",
			"created_at": "2023-12-08T02:00:05.75114Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.493837Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "UNC215",
			"aliases": [],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:UNC215",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "cffb3c01-038f-4527-9cfd-57ad5a035c22",
			"created_at": "2022-10-25T15:50:23.38055Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:05.258283Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "OilRig",
			"aliases": [
				"COBALT GYPSY",
				"IRN2",
				"APT34",
				"Helix Kitten",
				"Evasive Serpens",
				"Hazel Sandstorm",
				"EUROPIUM",
				"ITG13",
				"Earth Simnavaz",
				"Crambus",
				"TA452"
			],
			"source_name": "MITRE:OilRig",
			"tools": [
				"ISMInjector",
				"ODAgent",
				"RDAT",
				"Systeminfo",
				"QUADAGENT",
				"OopsIE",
				"ngrok",
				"Tasklist",
				"certutil",
				"ZeroCleare",
				"POWRUNER",
				"netstat",
				"Solar",
				"ipconfig",
				"LaZagne",
				"BONDUPDATER",
				"SideTwist",
				"OilBooster",
				"SampleCheck5000",
				"PsExec",
				"SEASHARPEE",
				"Mimikatz",
				"PowerExchange",
				"OilCheck",
				"RGDoor",
				"ftp"
			],
			"source_id": "MITRE",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "5b748f86-ac32-4715-be9f-6cf25ae48a4e",
			"created_at": "2024-06-04T02:03:07.956135Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.689959Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "IRON HEMLOCK",
			"aliases": [
				"APT29 ",
				"ATK7 ",
				"Blue Kitsune ",
				"Cozy Bear ",
				"The Dukes",
				"UNC2452 ",
				"YTTRIUM "
			],
			"source_name": "Secureworks:IRON HEMLOCK",
			"tools": [
				"CosmicDuke",
				"CozyCar",
				"CozyDuke",
				"DiefenDuke",
				"FatDuke",
				"HAMMERTOSS",
				"LiteDuke",
				"MiniDuke",
				"OnionDuke",
				"PolyglotDuke",
				"RegDuke",
				"RegDuke Loader",
				"SeaDuke",
				"Sliver"
			],
			"source_id": "Secureworks",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "e3492534-85a6-4c87-a754-5ae4a56d7c8c",
			"created_at": "2022-10-25T15:50:23.819113Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:05.354598Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Threat Group-3390",
			"aliases": [
				"Threat Group-3390",
				"Earth Smilodon",
				"TG-3390",
				"Emissary Panda",
				"BRONZE UNION",
				"APT27",
				"Iron Tiger",
				"LuckyMouse",
				"Linen Typhoon"
			],
			"source_name": "MITRE:Threat Group-3390",
			"tools": [
				"Systeminfo",
				"gsecdump",
				"PlugX",
				"ASPXSpy",
				"Cobalt Strike",
				"Mimikatz",
				"Impacket",
				"gh0st RAT",
				"certutil",
				"China Chopper",
				"HTTPBrowser",
				"Tasklist",
				"netstat",
				"SysUpdate",
				"HyperBro",
				"ZxShell",
				"RCSession",
				"ipconfig",
				"Clambling",
				"pwdump",
				"NBTscan",
				"Pandora",
				"Windows Credential Editor"
			],
			"source_id": "MITRE",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "8d76e350-dfb5-4733-800d-876de41f690d",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.841887Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.119083Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "DNSpionage",
			"aliases": [
				"COBALT EDGEWATER"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:DNSpionage",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "a97cf06d-c2e2-4771-99a2-c9dee0d6a0ac",
			"created_at": "2022-10-25T16:07:24.349252Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:04.949821Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Turla",
			"aliases": [
				"ATK 13",
				"Belugasturgeon",
				"Blue Python",
				"CTG-8875",
				"G0010",
				"Group 88",
				"ITG12",
				"Iron Hunter",
				"Krypton",
				"Makersmark",
				"Operation Epic Turla",
				"Operation Moonlight Maze",
				"Operation Penguin Turla",
				"Operation Satellite Turla",
				"Operation Skipper Turla",
				"Operation Turla Mosquito",
				"Operation WITCHCOVEN",
				"Pacifier APT",
				"Pensive Ursa",
				"Popeye",
				"SIG15",
				"SIG2",
				"SIG23",
				"Secret Blizzard",
				"TAG-0530",
				"Turla",
				"UNC4210",
				"Venomous Bear",
				"Waterbug"
			],
			"source_name": "ETDA:Turla",
			"tools": [
				"ASPXSpy",
				"ASPXTool",
				"ATI-Agent",
				"AdobeARM",
				"Agent.BTZ",
				"Agent.DNE",
				"ApolloShadow",
				"BigBoss",
				"COMpfun",
				"Chinch",
				"Cloud Duke",
				"CloudDuke",
				"CloudLook",
				"Cobra Carbon System",
				"ComRAT",
				"DoublePulsar",
				"EmPyre",
				"EmpireProject",
				"Epic Turla",
				"EternalBlue",
				"EternalRomance",
				"GoldenSky",
				"Group Policy Results Tool",
				"HTML5 Encoding",
				"HyperStack",
				"IcedCoffee",
				"IronNetInjector",
				"KSL0T",
				"Kapushka",
				"Kazuar",
				"KopiLuwak",
				"Kotel",
				"LOLBAS",
				"LOLBins",
				"LightNeuron",
				"Living off the Land",
				"Maintools.js",
				"Metasploit",
				"Meterpreter",
				"MiamiBeach",
				"Mimikatz",
				"MiniDionis",
				"Minit",
				"NBTscan",
				"NETTRANS",
				"NETVulture",
				"Neptun",
				"NetFlash",
				"NewPass",
				"Outlook Backdoor",
				"Penquin Turla",
				"Pfinet",
				"PowerShell Empire",
				"PowerShellRunner",
				"PowerShellRunner-based RPC backdoor",
				"PowerStallion",
				"PsExec",
				"PyFlash",
				"QUIETCANARY",
				"Reductor RAT",
				"RocketMan",
				"SMBTouch",
				"SScan",
				"Satellite Turla",
				"SilentMoon",
				"Sun rootkit",
				"TTNG",
				"TadjMakhal",
				"Tavdig",
				"TinyTurla",
				"TinyTurla Next Generation",
				"TinyTurla-NG",
				"Topinambour",
				"Tunnus",
				"Turla",
				"Turla SilentMoon",
				"TurlaChopper",
				"Uroburos",
				"Urouros",
				"WCE",
				"WITCHCOVEN",
				"WhiteAtlas",
				"WhiteBear",
				"Windows Credential Editor",
				"Windows Credentials Editor",
				"Wipbot",
				"WorldCupSec",
				"XTRANS",
				"certutil",
				"certutil.exe",
				"gpresult",
				"nbtscan",
				"nbtstat",
				"pwdump"
			],
			"source_id": "ETDA",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "4632103e-8035-4a83-9ecb-c1e12e21288c",
			"created_at": "2022-10-25T16:07:23.542255Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:04.64888Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "DNSpionage",
			"aliases": [],
			"source_name": "ETDA:DNSpionage",
			"tools": [
				"Agent Drable",
				"AgentDrable",
				"CACTUSPIPE",
				"DNSpionage",
				"DropperBackdoor",
				"Karkoff",
				"MailDropper",
				"OILYFACE"
			],
			"source_id": "ETDA",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "67b2c161-5a04-4e3d-8ce7-cce457a4a17b",
			"created_at": "2025-08-07T02:03:24.722093Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.681914Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "COBALT EDGEWATER",
			"aliases": [
				"APT34 ",
				"Cold River ",
				"DNSpionage "
			],
			"source_name": "Secureworks:COBALT EDGEWATER",
			"tools": [
				"AgentDrable",
				"DNSpionage",
				"Karkoff",
				"MailDropper",
				"SideTwist",
				"TWOTONE"
			],
			"source_id": "Secureworks",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "c786e025-c267-40bd-9491-328da70811a5",
			"created_at": "2025-08-07T02:03:24.736817Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:03.752071Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "COBALT GYPSY",
			"aliases": [
				"APT34 ",
				"CHRYSENE ",
				"Crambus ",
				"EUROPIUM ",
				"Hazel Sandstorm ",
				"Helix Kitten ",
				"ITG13 ",
				"OilRig ",
				"Yellow Maero "
			],
			"source_name": "Secureworks:COBALT GYPSY",
			"tools": [
				"Glimpse",
				"Helminth",
				"Jason",
				"MacDownloader",
				"PoisonFrog",
				"RGDoor",
				"ThreeDollars",
				"TinyZbot",
				"Toxocara",
				"Trichuris",
				"TwoFace"
			],
			"source_id": "Secureworks",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "c63ab035-f9f2-4723-959b-97a7b98b5942",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.298354Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:02.917311Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "APT27",
			"aliases": [
				"BRONZE UNION",
				"Circle Typhoon",
				"Linen Typhoon",
				"TEMP.Hippo",
				"Budworm",
				"Lucky Mouse",
				"G0027",
				"GreedyTaotie",
				"Red Phoenix",
				"Iron Tiger",
				"Iron Taurus",
				"Earth Smilodon",
				"TG-3390",
				"EMISSARY PANDA",
				"Group 35",
				"ZipToken"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:APT27",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "3fff98c9-ad02-401d-9d4b-f78b5b634f31",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.376868Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:02.949077Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Cleaver",
			"aliases": [
				"G0003",
				"Operation Cleaver",
				"Op Cleaver",
				"Tarh Andishan",
				"Alibaba",
				"TG-2889",
				"Cobalt Gypsy"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:Cleaver",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "46b3c0fc-fa0c-4d63-a38a-b33a524561fb",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.393409Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:02.955738Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "APT29",
			"aliases": [
				"Cloaked Ursa",
				"TA421",
				"Blue Kitsune",
				"BlueBravo",
				"IRON HEMLOCK",
				"G0016",
				"Nobelium",
				"Group 100",
				"YTTRIUM",
				"Grizzly Steppe",
				"ATK7",
				"ITG11",
				"COZY BEAR",
				"The Dukes",
				"Minidionis",
				"UAC-0029",
				"SeaDuke"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:APT29",
			"tools": [
				"SNOWYAMBER",
				"HALFRIG",
				"QUARTERRIG"
			],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
			"id": "a97fee0d-af4b-4661-ae17-858925438fc4",
			"created_at": "2023-01-06T13:46:38.396415Z",
			"updated_at": "2026-04-10T02:00:02.957137Z",
			"deleted_at": null,
			"main_name": "Turla",
			"aliases": [
				"TAG_0530",
				"Pacifier APT",
				"Blue Python",
				"UNC4210",
				"UAC-0003",
				"VENOMOUS Bear",
				"Waterbug",
				"Pfinet",
				"KRYPTON",
				"Popeye",
				"SIG23",
				"ATK13",
				"ITG12",
				"Group 88",
				"Uroburos",
				"Hippo Team",
				"IRON HUNTER",
				"MAKERSMARK",
				"Secret Blizzard",
				"UAC-0144",
				"UAC-0024",
				"G0010"
			],
			"source_name": "MISPGALAXY:Turla",
			"tools": [],
			"source_id": "MISPGALAXY",
			"reports": null
		},
		{
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