# The Pitfall of Threat Intelligence Whitelisting: Specter Botnet is 'taking over' Top Legit DNS Domains By Using ClouDNS Service **blog.netlab.360.com/the-pitfall-of-threat-intelligence-whitelisting-specter-botnet-is-taking-over-top-legit-dns-domains-** by-using-cloudns-service/ Hui Wang November 18, 2021 18 November 2021 / [DNS](https://blog.netlab.360.com/tag/dns/) ## Abstract In order to reduce the possible impact of false positives, it is pretty common practice for security industry to whitelist the top Alexa domains such as `www.google.com,` ``` www.apple.com, www.qq.com, www.alipay.com . ``` And we have seen various machine learning detection models that bypass data when they sees these popular Internet business domains. The security war between the white and black never ends, white hats want to see “black” in the data, while hackers always try to blend in and appear “ white". In the follow article, we will see an interesting case which shows that the white we see is not necessarily white. Our BotMon tracking system recently highlighted that the Specter botnet family started to use two domains `api.github.com and` `www.ibm.com as C2 domains for its control` communicate, while everyone knows for sure there is just no way for these FQDN to be malicious. The hacker utilized a pretty bizarre feature from one public DNS provider ClouDNS to make this all possible. Doing this will definitely bring troubles to IoC based treat intelligence security, as the C2 are absolutely white. ## Origins [We first disclosed the Specter botnet back in September last year (September 2020). The](https://blog.netlab.360.com/ghost-in-action-the-specter-botnet/) botnet is a remote control trojan (RAT) for Linux platforms with flexible configuration and highly modular/plugin-based, It is consist of three major modules: Dropper, Loader, and Plugin, with the main functions determined by the Loader & Plugin, and this botnet has always been active since our disclosure. In September this year, our BotMon's C2 auto-extraction system alerted us that there was an update of Specter's sample and the auto-extracted C2 was `api.github.com on its port` ``` 80 . ``` ----- There is no need to explains what api.github.com is, although we have seen many malware using github.com before, they pretty much all just use its web service to download their own malicious programs. But here how can Specter uses api.github.com as its C2 communication node and passes control traffic back and forth between github and its bots? Was github hacked, or was it a bug in our own C2 auto-extraction module? We took a close look at the sample (md5: 2aec3f06abd677f5f129ddb55d2cde67 ), and saw that the Specter update focused on the structure of the C2 configuration file, the C2 config in the previous versions could be located by searching the `SpectCF string. The new version` eliminated this. The following is the decrypted C2 configuration file of this sample, the green part is the C2: api.github.com:80 mentioned above. The data in red is the new from this update, and what is it? After parsing in small-end format, weI found that they are the following 4 IP addresses, belonging to the DNS Hosting provider [ClouDNS](https://www.cloudns.net/) ``` 85.159.233.158 108.59.1.30 217.182.183.225 185.206.180.169 ``` The new Specter sample send dns request to C2 using the following code snippet, which has the logic to craft the dns request packets and the ask the DNS IPs described above about the FQDN to finally get the C2 address. ----- Readers can use the dig command below on their own and see the difference quite clearly by comparing their output. ``` dig api.github.com @8.8.8.8 dig api.github.com @85.159.233.158 ``` At this point the fog clears and the C2 `api.github.com used by Specter is actually a` subdomain under ZONE `github.com registered with the DNS Hosting provider ClouDNS.` As long as the hacker uses the resolution server provided by ClouDNS, the resolution of ``` api.github.com can be any IP the hacker picks. ``` Github was not hacked, the Specter botnet operator did not enter the wrong C2 domin, our C2 auto-extraction was not buggy, but the white domain api.github.com did indeed become a working C2 domain for this botnet. And this totally legit domain can easily deceive malware analysts and is a great challenge for security tools based on black and white list rules. ## ClouDNS Given the above exploitation process, let’s explore ClouDNS a little bit more here. [ClouDNS is a global managed DNS service provider based in Europe, offering services](https://www.cloudns.net/about-us/) including GeoDNS, Anycast DNS and DNS DDoS protection. ClouDNS allows arbitrary registration of DNS Zones and the addition of sub-domain resolution. We registered(and later removed after test) a DNS Zone named `nsa.gov,` added a sub-level domain name `test and resolved to` `16.16.16.16 . ClouDNS assigned` us 4 Name Servers to resolve this domain name, as shown below. ----- Once created successfully, the Name Servers assigned by the platform can be used to resolve the domain name we created. Theoretically, we can register any Zone on ClouDNS that is not registered or not restricted by ClouDNS, and the aforementioned Specter C2 `api.github.com is a domain name` generated in this way. Not only that, but ClouDNS also has a "mysterious logic" in determining whether a domain is "registered" or not. As mentioned earlier, `github.com was already registered on ClouDNS` by the Specter gang, but when we tried to re-register the github.com Zone, we were able to ----- do so, just with a different batch of NSs than the Specter gang, as shown here. So, ClouDNS supports creating same zones as long as they are on their different NS Servers, this is pretty bizarre behavior. In fact, based on our test, not only ClouDNS, but also some other DNS hosting providers, have similar "vulnerabilities" in the verification of hosted domains, this is not the topic to be covered in this article though. ## Explore ClouDNS Random Registration ZONEs Based on our own Passive DNS data, we selected the TOP 1M popular second-level domains and did some serious tests. We wanted to find out how many SLDs of domains in the existing DNS system were registered with ClouDNS as new Zones and how many of them could be malicious. The results of the probe showed that there were approximately `300 second-level domains` that were registered in bad faith. Some of the maliciously registered SLDs in ClouDNS are as follows. ----- ``` akadns.net onedrive.com plivo.com safe.com consalud.cl godaddysites.com shopee.com jsdelivr.net afraid.org rumahweb.com mydomain.com crypto.com eq.edu.au adnxs.com webcindario.com web.com lamborghini.com manager-magazin.de toto.com migalhas.com.br googleadservices.com example.com dlink.com whitehouse.gov domain.com googlesyndication.com fb.com payeer.com ya.ru mql5.com aaa.com hola.com wukong.com mihanblog.com wpengine.com jumia.ma protonmail.com tasnimnews.com nintendo.com tabnak.ir lichess.org digitalocean.com asriran.com amazon.com.br akamaized.net yjc.ir office.net 4399.com opera.com wp.com ytimg.com avast.com cloudflare.com playstation.com hespress.com ``` ----- ``` leagueoflegends.com wixsite.com skype.com googlevideo.com wp.pl wix.com samsung.com doubleclick.net weebly.com udemy.com speedtest.net godaddy.com zoom.us espn.com spotify.com amazonaws.com adobe.com wordpress.com apple.com msn.com github.com office.com alipay.com netflix.com 360.cn amazon.com qq.com ``` In addition, we also selected the popular TOP 1M FQDNs across to check against ClouDNS, and the results showed that there are over `300 FQDNs that can generate non-normal` resolution in ClouDNS, and after clean up, we found that at least `192 FQDNs are` maliciously registered. ## Summary We have yet to see other malicious actors using this technique on a large scale, however, this is an important reminder for us that there are cases of malicious behavior being carried out under the cover of apparently normal network behavior. ## Contact us [Readers are always welcomed to reach us on Twitter or email us to netlab at 360 dot cn.](https://twitter.com/360Netlab) ## IOC **Sample MD5** ``` 0ffa01708fd0c67c78e9055b8839d24d 162c245378b2e21bdab6ef35dfaad6b1 2aec3f06abd677f5f129ddb55d2cde67 ``` ----- **CC** ``` 45.141.70.5 www.ibm.com @pns101.cloudns.net api.github.com @ns103.cloudns.net ``` [360 Netlab Blog - Network Security Research Lab at 360](https://blog.netlab.360.com/) — The Pitfall of Threat Intelligence Whitelisting: Specter Botnet is 'taking over' Top Legit DNS Domains By Using ClouDNS Service -----